Punching shear is a critical limit state in reinforced concrete slabs and foundations supported directly by columns or pedestals.

Retaining walls are essential structural elements that provide lateral support to soil, preventing movement and maintaining stability on sloped or excavated sites. The design of a retaining wall involves not only ensuring adequate strength of the concrete stem, footing, and shear key (if used), but also verifying global stability against sliding, overturning, and bearing failure.

Bolted connections are a fundamental part of structural steel design. While many connections are loaded primarily in shear or tension, combined loading is common in real-world structures — and must be addressed explicitly in design.